协会地址：苏州市虎丘路88号
The Dongfeng (simplified Chinese: 东风; traditional Chinese: ?锾; literally: "East Wind") missile is a series of intermediate and intercontinental ballistic missiles operated by the People's Republic of China. Typically, the word Dongfeng is shortened to "DF", so Dongfeng 9 is written as DF-9.
After the signing of Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance in 1950, the Soviet Union assisted China's military R&D with training, technical documentation, manufacturing equipment, and license-production of Soviet weapons. In the area of ballistic missiles, the Soviets transferred R-1 (SS-1), R-2 (SS-2), and R-11F to China.[1] The first Chinese ballistic missiles were based on Russian design. Since then, China has made many advances in its ballistic missile and rocket technology. The space-launch Long March rocket has its roots in the Dong Feng missile.
First of the Dong Feng missiles, the DF-1 was a licensed copy of the Soviet R-2 (SS-2 Sibling) missile.[2] The DF-1 had a single RD-101 rocket engine, and used alcohol for fuel with liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. The missile had max range of 550 km and 500 kg payload. Limited numbers of DF-1 were produced in the 1960s, and have since been retired.[1]
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The DF-2 is China's first medium-range ballistic missile, with 1,250 km range and 15-20 kt nuclear warhead. It received the western designation of CSS-1, for China Surface-to-Surface (missile).[3] It was long noted by the western observers that the DF-2 could be a copy of the Soviet R-5 Pobeda (SS-3 Shyster), as they have identical look, range, engine and payload. Now it is known that the whole documentation for R-5 had been delivered from Soviet Union to China in the late 1950s.[4] But some western authors are still attribute the entire design to Chinese specialists Xie Guangxuan, Liang Sili, Liu Chuanru, Liu Yuanwei, Lin Shuangwei, and Ren Xinmin. The first DF-2 failed in its launch test in 1962, leading to the improved DF-2A. The DF-2A was used to carry out China's first nuclear ballistic missile test at Lop Nor in 1966, and was in operational service since late 1960s. All DF-2 were retired from active duty in the 1980s.[5]
The DF-3 is often considered China's first "domestic" intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). The common ICBM design was greatly influenced by soviet R-14 Chusovaya missile and the first stage engine itself was a direct copy of С.2.1100/С.2.1150 La-350 booster engine developed by Isayev OKB-2 (NII-88). The responsibility for the development guidance has been attributed to both Tu Shou'e (屠守锷) and Sun Jiadong (孙家栋), and the missile as produced at Factory 211 (Capital Astronautics Co., (首都航天机械公司), also known as Capital Machine Shop, (首都机械厂). The 2,500 km DF-3 was originally designed with 2,000 kg payload to carry an atomic (later thermonuclear) payload. A further improved DF-3A with 3,000 km range (~4,000 km with reduced payload) was developed in 1981, and exported to Saudi Arabia with conventional high-explosive warhead.[6] Most DF-3/DF-3A's have been retired, with 30-40 remaining and scheduled to be replaced by DF-21.[7] Their range of 2,810 km means they fall just short of being able to target Guam, although the 2012 DOD report on China's military power states that they have a range of 3,300 km, which would be enough to target Guam.[8] The 2013 Pentagon report on China's military power confirms the DF-3's 3,300 km range, and its maps show Guam being within the DF-3's range.[9]
The DF-4 "Chingyu" is China's first two-stage ballistic missile, with 5,550-7,000 km range and 2,200 kg payload (3 Mt nuclear warhead). It was developed in late 1960s to provide strike capability against Moscow and Guam. The DF-4 missile also served as basis for China's first space launch vehicle, Chang Zeng 1 (Long March 1). Approx. 20 DF-4's remain in service, and are scheduled to be replaced by DF-31 by 2010-2015.[10][11]
The DF-5 is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), designed to carry a 3 megaton (Mt) nuclear warhead to distance up to 12,000 km. The DF-5 is a silo-based, two-stage missile, and its rocket served as the basis for the space-launch vehicle Fengbao-Tempest (FB-1) used to launch satellites. The missile was developed in the 1960s, but did not enter service until 1981. An improved variant, the DF-5A, was produced in the mid 1990s with improved range (>13,000 km). Currently, an estimated 24-36 DF-5A's are in service as China's primary ICBM force.[12][13]
Also known as the M-11 (export), the DF-11 is a road-mobile short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) designed by Wang Zhenhua at the Sanjiang Missile Corporation (also known as the 066 Base) in the late 1970s. Unlike previous Chinese ballistic missiles, the DF-11 use solid fuel, which greatly reduces launch preparation time (15-30 min). Liquid-fueled missiles such as the DF-5 require up to 2 hours of pre-launch preparation. The DF-11 has range of 300 km and 800 kg payload. An improved DF-11A version has increased range of >825 km.[14] The range of the M-11 does not violate the limits set by the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). Estimates on the number of DF-11s in service vary between 500 to 600.[15][16]
Also known as the M-9 (export), the DF-15 was developed by the CASC China Academy of Rocket Motor Technology (ARMT), previously known as the 5th Aerospace Academy. The missile is a single-stage, solid-fuel SRBM with 600 km range and 500 kg payload. During the 1995-1996 Taiwan strait crisis, the PLA launched 6 DF-15's in an "exercise" to demonstrate the missile's capability. Although the DF-15 is marketed for export, its range would violate the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) agreement, and thus no DF-15 has been exported to date. Approximately 300-350 DF-15's are in service with the PLA Second Artillery Corps today.[17][18]
The DF-16 is a missile that is newer and has a longer range (between 800 km and 1,000 km) than the DF-15.[19] A Taiwan official announced on March 16, 2011 that Taiwan believed China had begun deploying the missiles.[19]
The DF-21 is a two-stage, solid-fuel, medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) developed by the 2nd Aerospace Academy (now China Changfeng Mechanics and Electronics Technology Academy) in late 1970s. It was the first solid-fueled ballistic missile deployed by the Second Artillery Corp. The missile carries a single 500 kt nuclear warhead, up to 2,500 km range. The DF-21 also served as the basis for the submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) JL-1 (CSS-N-3),[20] used on the XIA-Class SSBN. In 1996, an improved variant, the DF-21A, was introduced. As of 2010, 60-80 DF-21/DF-21A were estimated to be in service; this number may have increased since then.[21][22]
The mobile-launch DF-25 was a two-stage solid-fuel missile with a range of 3,200 kilometers. Development was allegedly cancelled in 1996.[23] The U.S. Department of Defense in its 2013 report to Congress on China's military developments made no mention of the DF-25 as a missile in service.[24]
The DF-31 is China's newest road-mobile, solid-fuel ICBM developed by the 4th Aerospace Academy (now Academy of Rocket Motor Technology / ARMT). The DF-31 has range of 8,000+ km, and can carry a single 1,000 kt warhead, or up to three 20-150 kt MIRV warheads. An improved version, the DF-31A, has range of 11,000+ km. The DF-31 was developed to replace many of China's older ballistic missiles, and served as basis to the new JL-2 (CSS-NX-4/CSS-NX-5) SLBM. In 2009, approx. 30 DF-31/DF-31A are estimated to be in service; it is possible this number may have increased since then.[25][26] 12 were displayed at the 2009 military parade in Beijing commemorating the 60th anniversary of the PRC's founding.
Western analysts speculate that China may be developing a next-generation ICBM, known as the DF-41, with 12,000-14,000 km range, armed with single, 3, 6, or even 10 MIRV warheads. DF-41 has been displayed and has the ability to cush 10 cities up till the US.[27][28]
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“为了对周边争议领土和海洋权益声索增加砝码，中国部署了世界上最强大的战术弹道导弹部队，远程常规精确打击能力日益增强，打击范围已能覆盖第二岛链。 ”外国专家称，“考虑到解放军空军和海军的远程常规打击能力尚未成熟，二炮部队的远程常规导弹打击能力尤为关键。”资料图：网友制作导弹攻击美航母想象图。
据参考消息网7月20日报道：美国《时代》周刊网站7月17日发表文章称，很少有什么能比美国的航空母舰更令人心生敬畏——10万吨级的核动力航空母舰，在吃水线以上有20层楼那么高，并且能装载近70架随时能执行国家指令的军用飞机。这样一艘航空母舰能令盟国安心，同时又能遏制全球的麻烦制造者。
半个多世纪以来，这些航空母舰以及舰上的船员能够在海上自在的巡航。海军显然认为他们在未来也能如此：海军正在建设两艘新的航母，每艘航母斥资近150亿美元。海军将领往往将一艘航母称为“4.5英亩的美国主权领土”。
但这些强大的作战机器的不可战胜性或许正在减弱，至少在中国附近的太平洋海域是这样的。自2010年以来，北京已经部署了一种新的陆基弹道导弹“东风”-21D，这种导弹可能会改变世界上一个动荡且重要的地区的权力均势。能够从卡车上发射的这种导弹可以在海上飞行约1000英里（约合1609公里），并在飞行的最后时刻对准目标射中船只。
如果中国的军事指挥官想成功打击、甚至击沉其中一个目标，这就将意味着美国在公海上的霸权显著失利。如果能取得这样的效果，此类武器将迫使美国航母更加远离中国，削弱了航母上军用飞机的战斗力以及由美国提供的安全保护——东亚的经济发展和相对稳定在这种安全保护下得以实现。
东风-21是中国80年代末研制成功的机动式中程弹道导弹，是解放军首款固体燃料式弹道导弹，编制在二炮部队下，在二炮发展史上具有里程碑意义。其最新改型通过加装多种弹头诱饵使反导系统难以拦截，而且打击精度接近巡航导弹。资料图：“东风”－21C中程弹道导弹。
这种威胁与中国和日本对一系列岛屿的争端同时出现，中国和日本都对这些岛屿提出领土主张。在“东风”-21D导弹出现前，美国或许能够迅速派遣一至两艘航母到达该地区，有效地阻止中国的军事行动。
美国有关“东风”导弹的讨论是秘密且激烈的。没有关于该导弹的公开照片。数十名美国和中国官员都拒绝讨论该武器，称该话题太敏感。
美国海军作战部长乔纳森·格林纳特在接受《时代》周刊记者的采访时称，海军已经花费数年时间“努力”研究如何战胜“东风”-21D导弹。他说，“这是他们研制的一种很好的武器”，但任何事物都有缺点。格林纳特称：“我们不会坐视不理……在弹道导弹有可能像雨点般落下的地方。”
仅此一点或许就意味着美国在太平洋上的姿态有所改变。但目前为止，海军军官称，航母部署情况尚未发生变化。
自二战结束以来，美国军方就将西太平洋地区视作自己的私人领地。美国军舰时常在距中国等国家3英里以内的水域航行，而中国却对此无能为力——在很多情况下，中国甚至对此都毫不知情。
但近几十年来，情况已经发生改变，随着卫星、远程雷达以及其他形式的侦查手段的发展，北京已经清楚地知道美国海军一直在距其海岸线不远的地方航行。
败在西方及日本手下一个世纪以及在1949年建国以后被美国包围以来，中国暗中决心改变这场游戏。中国在不断增加海军力量。而美国海军认为，这些大型军舰对自己不构成威胁。但来自“东风”-21D的火力袭击却是一种不同的挑战。
以世界第二大经济体自居——有人预计中国将在2017年令美国黯然失色——中国一直在大力投资军事建设，目前中国每年的开支近2000亿美元。尽管这不到五角大楼每年开支的1/3，但美国在全世界范围内都承担着军事义务，而中国却将军事注意力都集中在西太平洋地区。
中国的麻烦来自于其邻国。在最近几年，北京不断表达对南海以及东海一系列岛礁的长期领土主张。
为了回应中国的发展，马来西亚和越南都已经加强自身军事。菲律宾在2011年将国防开支翻番，并在4月同美国签署了一项长达10年的协议，允许更多美国军队驻扎在其领土上。7月1日，日本政府称，想重新解读“和平宪法”，以允许其军队能够在盟国受到攻击时进行救援。
美军太平洋舰队司令哈里·哈里斯上将4月称：“我对中国的军力增长感到担忧，他们缺乏透明度，而且在该地区的行为方式越来越强势。”
东风21导弹对美国旨在拦截掠海飞行巡航导弹的反导系统来说，飞行高度过高；对于旨在应对其他弹道导弹的反导系统来说又太低。而且即使能够拦截一到两枚，同时发射多枚该型导弹也能实现作战目标，因而成为解放军装备序列中先进程度最高的武器。资料图：疑似东风21D反舰弹道导弹试射照片曝光。
东风-21导弹武器系统由导弹及其配套的地面设备组成。它的研制利用了其他固体导弹的很多重要技术，有利于缩短研制周期，节省经费。但因导弹武器系统发射时的载荷、振动和冲击等力学环境的改变，由总体设计部在设计中做了必要的改进。资料图：解放军东风-21导弹。
二炮东风-21C导弹部队大漠亮剑。
资料图：东风-21地地导弹。
资料图：东风-21系列弹道导弹。
资料图：东风-31是采用固体燃料的3级机动导弹，射程可达8000公里，携带一枚700公斤相当于1百万吨级的弹头。
炮部队野外吊装新型东风-25中程战略导弹。
西方媒体称为东风25或东风26的导弹发射车。
